Advanced Placement Human Geography MIDTERM Study Guide

Justin Huang

An explanation of symbols

A Yellow Highlighted Term represents avocabulary term

An Orange Highlighted Term represents anequation

A Cyan Highlighted Term represents astatistical data point

A Green Highlighted Term represents a law ortheory

Geography, Nature, and Perspectives

• Projection- putting a cylindrical paperaround the glove and projecting points to the paper
• Types of distortions:

• Shape
• Size
• Distance
• Direction

• The different types of map projections:

• Mercator Projection:

• The Mercator projection was created for navigation.
• Directions on this map are shown accurately
• Lines of latitude and longitude meet at right angles
• The distance between lines of longitude appears constant, which isnot accurate
• Landmasses near the poles are larger than they are

• Gall-Peters Projection:

• The purpose was to have spatial distributions related to area
• The Gall-Peters projection has the size of land masses to beaccurate
• The shapes on the Gall-Peters Projection are inaccurate, moreso atthe poles

• Conic Projection:

• Generally used in mid-latitude countries
• Lines of longitude converge
• Lines of latitude are curved
• Both the size and shape are close to reality
• The direction is not constant
• In the real world, lines of longitude only converge at onepoint

• Robinson Projection:

• Area, size, shape, and direction are all slightly distorted
• No major distortion
• Oval shaped, so it looks more like a globe

• Goode Homolosine Projection:

• Accurately shows sizes and shapes
• Cannot plot a course around the ocean, therefore making it uselessfrom a navigational perspective

• Types of projections:

• Equal area projections- maintains size butdistorts other properties
• Conformal projections- maintains shape butdistorts other properties
• Azimuthal projections- maintains directionbut distorts other properties
• Equidistant projections- maintains distancebut distorts other properties

• Types of maps:

• Proportional Symbol: uses a symbol to show intensityor frequency; the size of the symbol varies with the frequency/size of the variable beingmapped
• Cartogram: size of the area being represented willchange based on the variable being measured (area by population, area by average age, etc.)
• Isoline: a thematic map with lines that connect pointsof equal value
• Choropleth: categorizes a variable into classes anddepicts each class with different shading patterns or colors
• Dot map: uses dots to show occurrence of aphenomenon

• Scale definition 1 (cartographicscale)- synonymous with aggregation, size of geographic units, the amount of detail
• Scale definition 2 (mathematicalscale)- mathematical relationship (ratio) between an object on a map and its size in real life
• Pattison’s 4 Traditions of Geography

• Spatial or Locational tradition: in-depth analysis of a specificplace, attempts to explain the course of human settlements in terms of location, growth, and in relationto other locales
• Area studies or Regional tradition: tries to define, describe, anddifferentiate it from other regions or areas
• Man-Land tradition: relationship of human beings to the land thatthey live on
• Earth-Science tradition: physical geography of a certain location(the earth)

• 5 Themes of Geography

• Location- position on Earth’s surface
• Place- physical and human characteristics
• Human-Environmental Relations- relationships within places
• Movement- humans interacting on the Earth
• Regions- how they form and how they change over time

• Environmental Determinism- belief thatthe physical environment affects the way that cultures and tribes grow and develop
• Possibilism- belief that human cultureand behavior is not limited by the environment

Population

• RNI- rate of natural increase

• The percentage that a population grows in a year
• CBR - CDR = RNI

• IMR- infant mortality rate

• Annual number of deaths for children less than 1 year old, per 1000live births

• Highest IMR- Afghanistan (108.5)
• Lowest IMR- Slovenia (1.6)

• Doubling time- The time it takes apopulation to double

• Equation: divide 70 by the RNI

• TFR- total fertility rate

• Births per woman over their lifespan

• Demographic momentum- tendency for agrowing population to continue to grow even after restrictive policies are put in place
• Types of population density:

• Arithmetic Density- where people are

• (total people)/(total land area)

• Physiological Density- how much of a givenspace’s land is suitable for agriculture, carrying capacity of the region

• (total people)/(arable land)

• Agricultural Density- how efficienttechnology is, shows the number of farmers and economic strength

• (total farmers)/(arable land)

• Factors affecting fertility

• Social Factors

• Traditional roles of women and men

• Identity through child rearing
• Machismo factor

• Children pass on family traditions
• Religions Convictions
• Literacy and general education
• More work + school = less children

• Economic factors

• 2 types of societies:

• Agrarian society: children are assets (theycan work in the field), women have low status and higher mortality
• Industrialized society: children arefinancial burdens

• Political factors:

• Pro-Natalist Policies- incentives for womento have children
• Anti-Natalist Policies- restrictivepolicies (One child policy rule, China)
• Eugenic Policies- policies limiting certainethnicities/education/disabilities/gender

• The One Child Policy (China), 1979-2016

• Only one child per family
• Consequences: a smaller workforce and an unbalanced gender ratio
• (118 males : 100 females)

• Malthusian theory:

• Society will starve because food production is growing linearlywhile population is growing exponentially
• Positive Checks: when we are short on resources, we will havedisease, famine, and war
• Preventative checks- celibacy, later marriage
• Evidence:

• Population explosion
• Repeated wars and famine in Sahel regions
• FAO says 800m people are chronically malnourished
• UN: by 2050, 4.2b people will be living in areas that can'tprovide water for basic needs

• Today and criticism:

• Food production grew faster than expected
• Counter argument: new technologies will save us

• The Demographic Transition Model

• A 5 stage model of demographic transition

• Population Pyramids

• Provides information on birth rates, death rates, average life span,and economic development
• Reflects on natural disasters, wars, political changes, andepidemics
• Most useful/common: age-sex diagram
• How to read a population pyramid:

• Vertical axis shows the age groups/cohorts, located in themiddle
• Males on left side and females on right side
• Horizontal axis shows population/percentages
• Usually on a country scale

• Epidemiological Transition Model

• A model that shows the pattern of mortality and disease in apopulation and how it transforms
• 5 stages

• Migration patterns:

• 1500-1950: global migration influenced by exploration, colinization,and the Atlantic Slave Trade
• 1950-present: economic, political, cultural, and environmental pushand pull factors

• Population patterns:

• Agricultural/Neolithic:

• 8,000 BCE- plants and animals domesticated
• More stable sources of food
• Slow growth
• Disease, famine, and war kept the population lowuntil…

• Industrial Revolution:

• Major improvements in technology
• Created wealth
• Doubling rate: 1000+ → 170

• Green Revolution

• Development of fertilizers and GMOs increased food production

• Global Population increased caused by longer life expectancy

• Dependency Ratio: [(0-14 years old) + (65+ years old)] / (15-65 years old)

• Dependents are younger/older than the working groups
• Elderly people need income and medicare after retirement
• Youth need health care, education, schools, and daycares

• Growing population → more economic output

Migration

• Push Factors- factors that make someonewant to leave their current residence
• Pull Factors- factors that make someonewant to move residences because of a positive reason
• A history of migration in the United States

• Wave 1: 1840-1880

• Origins: Ireland, Germany
• Mostly catholic
• Push factors: potato famine, religious persecution, politicalinstability
• Pull factors: jobs in northeastern factories

• Wave 2: 1880-1920

• Origins: Southeastern Europe and Eastern Europe
• Push factors: religious persecution, economic and politicalinstability
• Pull factors: jobs created by industrialization

• Wave 3: 1965

• Origins: everywhere, especially Latin America, Asia, EasternEurope
• Push factors: lower standard of living, ethic or religiouspersecution.
• Pull factors: jobs and economic prosperity

• Ravenstien’s Laws of Migration

• The majority of migrants move a short distance
• Rural people move more than urban people
• Steps of migration: Farm → Village → Town → Suburb→ City
• Most migration is Rural → Urban
• Every migration flow generates counterflows
• Families are less likely to move
• Young men are more likely to move
• Women are more likely to move in their own country, men are morelikely to move internationally

• Zelinsky’s Model of Migration

• Stage 1: Premodern Traditional Society, before urbanization, littleto no migration, NRI = 0
• Stage 2: Early Transnational Society, massive movement fromcountryside to cities
• Stage 3: Late Transnational Society, “critical rung… ofmobility transition” where urban to urban migration surpasses rural to urban migration
• Stage 4: Advanced Society, “"movement from thecountryside to the city continues but is further reduced in absolute and relative terms, vigorousmovement of migrants from city to city and within individual urban agglomerations”
• Stage 5: Future Super-Advanced Society, “Nearly all residential migrationmay be of the interurban and intraurban variety”

• Migration Factors

• Environmental factors

• Push factors

• Escape from natural disasters
• Droughts
• Unfavorable environmental conditions

• Pull factors

• Moderate climates
• Arable land
• Areas not under stress

• Economic factors- after 1950 (most common reason)

• Push factors

• Lack of jobs
• Lack of economic opportunities

• Pull factors

• Greater economic opportunities

• Demographic factors

• Push factors

• Gender imbalance
• Overcrowding
• Aging population

• Pull factors

• Suitable marriage partners
• Less crowded stage 4, 5 countries

• Statistics about migration

• Current net migration rate for U.S. in 2021 is 2.820 per 1000population
• Bahrain has most net migration inwards
• Puerto Rico has the most net migration outwards

• Refugee- a person who has been forcedto leave their country in order to escape war
• Internally displaced people- forced toleave the home but still reside in their home country

• 41 million IDPs in the world

• Asylum seeker- a person who flees theirhome country, enters another country, and applies for asylum
• Effects of migration

• Effects of migration on countries or origin

• Relief from overcrowding (+)
• Income from remittances (+)
• Dependency ratio problems (-)
• Brain drain (-)

• Effects of receiving countries

• Cultural contribution (+)
• Immigrants are usually highly motivated people (+)

• Conflicts of immigration

• Discrimination
• Strain on social services

Culture (Pop culture vs. Folk culture, Identity, Language,Religion)

• Cultural Landscape- how humans interactwith nature
• Culture- the combination of values,beliefs, behaviors, and material objects
• Material culture- built environment andcultural landscape
• Non-Material culture- thoughts andbeliefs
• Habit- a repetitive act by anindividual
• Custom- when an entire group does ahabit routinely
• Tradition- custom but implieslongevity
• Institutions- organizations that defineroles, pass on customs and traditions, meet social needs, and teach cultural values
• Cultural traits- single attributes (ex.bowing to show respect)
• Cultural complex- a combination oftraits
• Cultural regions- a region thatincludes people with similarities in their cultural systems
• Ethnocentrism- the act of judginganother culture by their own standards
• Cultural relativism- understandinganother culture based on their standards
• Folk culture- local, traditional,communal, slow and limited diffusion, small groups, gives people unique identities
• Pop culture- global, innovative,individualistic, rapid and expensive, large parts of society, may threaten folk culture
• Religions:

• Hinduism, c. 2000 BCE, Northern India, 979 million adherents
• Judaism, c. 2000BCE , Middle East, 15.6 million adherents
• Buddhism, c. 500 BCE, Northern India, 480 million adherents
• Confucianism, c. 500 BCE, Northern China, 6.5 millionadherents
• Daoism (Taoism), c. 550 BCE, Northern China, 3 millionadherents
• Christianity, c. 100 CE, Middle East, 2.3 billion adherents
• Islam, c. 622 CE, Middle East, 1.6 billion adherents

• Christianity

• More than 2 billion adherents
• Most widespread distribution
• Predominant religion in North America, South America, Europe, andAustralia
• Branches:

• Roman Catholics: 51%

• Concentrated in the southwest and east

• Protestants: 24%

• Concentrated in the northwest

• Orthodox: 11%

• Concentrated in the east and southeast

• 14% other

• Islam

• More than 1.5 billion adherents
• Predominant religion of the Middle East (North Africa - CentralAsia)
• Half the world’s Muslums live in Indonesia, Pakistan,Bangladesh, and India
• Branches:

• Sunni

• Comes from Arabic “people following the example ofMuhammad”
• 83% of Muslums are Sunni

• Shiite

• Also called Shias
• 16% of muslums
• Arabic word for “sectarian”

• Buddhism

• Major universalizing religion
• Clustered in East Asia and Southeast Asia
• Branches:

• Mahayana

• Counts for 56% of Buddhists
• Primarily in China, Japan, and Korea

• Theravada

• Counts for 38% of buddhists, especially in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar,Sri Lanka, and Thailand

• Vajrayana

• Accounts for 6% of Buddhists
• Found primarily in Tibet and Mongolia

• Diffusion of religions

• Christianity

• Hierarchical diffusion throughout the Roman Empire
• Relocation diffusion through Missionaries

• Islam

• Relocation diffusion through Missionaries and Arab traders

• Buddhism

• Did not diffuse rapidly from its point of origin
• Asoka, an emperor of the Magadhan Empire, spread Buddhism
• Merchants along trade routes introduced Buddhism to China

• Ethnic Religions

• Don't diffuse

• Basic beliefs of world religions

• Christianity- Based on the teaching of Jesus Christ. Christiangroups differ in their interpretation of his teaching, life, death and resurrection, but these mattersare at the heart of the way of life of all of them.
• Islam- Revealed in its final form by the Prophet Muhammad (peace beupon him). The essentials of Muslim practice are summarised in the five pillars of Islam –declaration of faith; ritual prayer; welfare; a month of fasting during Ramadan; and pilgrimage.
• Buddhism- A way of living based on the teachings of SiddharthaGautama. The Five Precepts are the basic rules of living for lay Buddhists – refrain from harmingliving beings; taking what is not given
• Judaism- Based around the Jewish people's covenant relationshipwith God. Jews believe they are challenged and blessed by God. Love of one's neighbour is the greatprinciple of social life and the founding inspiration of the Jewish community.
• Hinduism- An ancient tradition of related beliefs and practices thatdeveloped in the Indian subcontinent. Core ideals and values shared by most Hindus would include respectfor elders; reverence for teachers; regard for guests and tolerance of all races and religions.

• Balkinization- division of amultinational state into smaller ethnically homogeneous entities
• Shatterbelts- a region caught betweenstronger colliding external cultural-political forces
• Toponym- the name of a place
• Ethnic Religion- a religion that isrelated to a particular ethnic group
• Universalizing Religion- a religionthat wants to appeal to people all over the world and convert followers
• Language Trees- languages are groupedwith others of common ancestry and of similar words and sounds

• 20 main language families (give or take)
• Order from largest to smallest: Branches → groups →languages → dialects
• Five main language families:

• Indo-European
• Sino-Tibetan
• Niger-Congo
• Austronesian
• Afri-Asiatic

• More detailed explanations

• Indo-European

• Examples: English, Farsi, Bengali, Hindi, Greek
• Largest language family in the world
• 3 billion speakers
• 7/10 of the top 10 languages in the world are Indo-Europeanfamily

• Sino-Tibetan

• Examples: Chinese, Cantonese, Burmese
• 20% of the world population speaks a Sino-Tibetan language
• 1.4 billion speakers

• Niger-Congo

• Mostly found in Sub-Saharan Africa
• Includes Swahili, Zulu
• Diffused through trade and relocation
• 600 million speakers

• Afro-Asiatic

• Mostly in Northern AFrica and the Middle East
• Includes Arabic, Hebrew, Somali
• 500 million speakers

• Lingua Franca- a language used as acommon tongue among people who speak diverse languages

• The more developed a country is, the more their language isused
• 6 official languages/lingua francas of the United Nations, includingEnglish, French, Arabic, Chinese, Russian and Spanish

• Pidgin Language- simplified combinedversion of domination languages (limited grammar and vocabulary)
• Creole- a pidgin language that becomesa main language of a region
• Top 5 most natively spoken languages:

• Mandarin Chinese, 918 million speakers
• Spanish, 480 million speakers
• English, 379 million speakers
• Hindi, 341 million speakers
• Bengali, 300 million speakers

• Examples of language conflict

• A state that chooses to make a language the “officiallanguage” could cause people speaking a different language to feel oppressed and conflict willensue

• Israel v Palestine

• A conflict over the Gaza Strip
• Partition of Palestine

• Muslim Ottoman Empire controlled Palestine from 1516 to 1917
• In 1947, the UN voted to partition Palestine into two states, oneJewish (Israel) and one Muslim (Palestine)
• 1948-1949 Independence War

• When Israel declared independence, the neighboring Arab Muslimstates declared war. Israel survived and the war ended with an armistice in 1949. Israel gained thewestern suburbs of Jerusalem, Jordan gained control of the West Bank and East Jerusalem

• 1967 Six-Day War

• Israel’s neighboring countries gathered 250,000 troops alongthe borders and blocked Israeli ships from using international waterways. Israel launched a surpriseattack and destroyed the opposing forces. Israel gained:

• From Jordan, the Old City of Jerusalem and the WestBank
• From Syria, the Golan Heights
• From Egypt, the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula

• 1973 Yom Kippur War

• Surprise attack on Israel by neighbors on the holiest day of theyear for Jews. Ended without any change in boundaries

• Secularism- the principle of separationof the state from religious institutions.
• Fundamentalism- a form of a religion,especially Islam or Protestant Christianity, that upholds belief in the strict, literal interpretationof scripture.
• Extremism- the holding of extremepolitical or religious views
• Types of Diffusion

• Expansion Diffusion- Innovation staysstrong at the hearth while expanding

• Hierarchical Diffusion- spread of aphenomenon as a result of group order or through established structure

• Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion- diffusionfrom a lower class to a higher class

• Contagious Diffusion- spread of aphenomenon through a group of people or an area without regard to social class, economy, or position ofpower
• Stimulus diffusion- the spread of anunderlying principle even though the characteristic itself does not spread

• Relocation Diffusion- Innovation iscarried away, most often via immigration and may die out at the hearth

• Bringing language, food, customs, and religions to a differentplace
• Chain migration
• Assimilates over time (lasts 2 generations)

• Gender Topics

• Gender gap- a relative disparity between people of differentgenders
• Gender Inequality Index (GII)- an index formeasurement of gender disparity that was introduced in the 2010 Human Development Report

• Highest: Yemen
• Lowest: Switzerland

• Longevity gap- women live longer than menon average

• Ex. US life expectancy for men is 76, but for womenit’s 81
• Ex. 2 UK life expectancy for men is 79 but 83 forwomen

• Gender roles in Folk Cultures

• Women: take care of the household
• Men: work outside the house to earn money and serve as leaders inreligion and politics

• Gender roles diminishing in Pop Culture

• Isolated Language- a language that isthe only one in its family

• Ex. Sumerian

• Extinct Language- a language that isnot spoken anymore

• Ex. Naitive American languages that have been replaced byEnglish

• The diffusion of Indo-European languages

• The people of the Roman Empire spoke Latin

Politics

• Nation- a group of people with a sharedculture and ideology
• State- synonymous with“country”. Needs to be

• a “politically organized territory” with fixed, clearborders and boundaries,
• ruled by an established government with a working economy,
• in control of foreign affairs,
• Contain a permanent population, and
• recognized

• Stateless nation- a group of peoplethat don’t have a country to call home

• Ex. Kurds

• Multistate nation- a group of people extend beyond it’s defined borders

• Ex. Korea, Ireland

• Multinational states- a state with morethan one nation inside its border

• Ex. almost every state

• Nation-State- a state with primarilyone nation within

• Ethnically homogeneous
• Immigration is a challenge
• Ex. Iceland, Japan (99% of people in Japan areJapanese)

• Census- an official count or survey ofa population, typically recording various details of individuals
• Reappointment- the redistribution ofseats in the House of Representatives based on new census data
• Redistricting- divide or organize (anarea) into new political districts
• Gerrymandering- manipulate theboundaries of a region so as to favor one party

• Types of gerrymandering

• Cracking: dispersing a group into several districts to prevent amajority
• Packing: combining like-minded voters into one district to preventthem from affecting elections in other districts
• Stacking: diluting a minority populated district with majoritypopulations
• Hijacking: redrawing two districts in order to force two electedrepresentatives of the same party to run against each other
• Kidnapping: moving an area where an elected representative hassupport to an area where he or she does not have support

• Federal States:

• shared power between the central government and provincial, state,and local governments
• multiple levels of power
• multiple ethnic groups with significant minorities

• Unitary States:

• power help primarily by the central government with very littlepower given to local governments
• no hierarchy of sovereign powers
• few cultural differences and small minorities

• Economies of scale- cost advantages ofconducting economic activity on a larger scale
• Supranationalism

• A supranational organization is an organization made up of multiplecountries to collectively achieve greater benefits for every member
• One of the first modern supranational organizations was the Leagueof Nations after World War 1
• Types of Supranationalism

• Economic Supranationalism

• World Trade Organization (WTO), Association of Southeast AsianNations (ASEAN), the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
• Countries benefit from trade agreements
• Horizontal integration- corporation merges with another thatproduces similar products
• Vertical integration- corporation merges with another involved indifferent steps of production

• Military Supranationalism

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, 1949)

• Environmental Supranationalism

• Corporations are based in larger, more developed countries whereenvironmental regulations are strict, but they make their products in poorer countries, whereenvironmental policies are more lax

• Devolution- the transfer of politicalpower from the central government to subnational levels of government
• Globalization- integration of markets,states, communications, and trade on a worldwide scale

• Sovereignty of states in the modern age are challenged byglobalization because political borders have become less significant as ideas flow more rapidly amongmost countries
• In other words, transnational corporations, internationalorganizations, and global environmental problems make the boundaries around a state less important thanthey once were

• Nationalism- identification withone's own nation and support for its interests
• UNCLOS (aka Law of the Sea Convention)-international agreement that establishes a legal framework for all marine and maritime activities

• Territorial waters- 12 nautical miles offthe coast of a state, the state in question is allowed to set laws and regulate use
• Contiguous Zone- 12 more nautical miles,states have partial power over this part of the sea
• Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs)- 200nautical miles of a state having sole rights for exploitation of the natural resources

• Boundaries- a line that marks thelimits of an area; a dividing line

• Types of boundaries:

• Ratzel’s Organic Theory- In orderfor a state to rise in power, they have to take over other states

• Support: US westward expansion, Nazis

• Mackinder’s Heartland Theory-land far from the water is protected, and that whoever controls Eastern Europe controls theHeartland

• Support: Mongols, USSR

• Spykman’s Rimland Theory- seapower and controlling the seas/ports is more important

• Support: NATO

• World Systems Theory (ImmanualWallerstein)- there is a world economic system in which some countries benefit while others areexploited
• Core-Periphery Model

• Core countries

• Industrialized, developed, advanced
• Have strong state structures
• Generate wealth in the world economy
• Exploit periphery in terms of resources and industrial labor

• Semi-Periphery (“in-betweens”)

• Have periphery processes
• Act like a buffer
• Still exploited by and are dependent on core, exploit theperiphery

• Periphery

• Low income, under-developed
• Weak state structures
• Inexpensive labor, resources, and markets

• Centrifugal forces- forces thatbreak people apart
• Centripetal forces- forces that bringpeople together
• Political history of the world

• Exploration and Colonization

• 1492- Christopher Columbus
• “Age of Exploration” starts until 1700s, Europeancountries want gold and land, they came to western hemisphere
• World powers: France, Britain, Spain, Portugal
• 16th century Iberian empires
• Treaty of Tordesillas legitimized Spain’s holdings in the newworld, making Spain > Portugal
• Spain gained a lot of wealth and control
• 16, 17th century- French, British, and Dutch empires werestrongest

• British- created the largest overseas empire, controlled ¼ ofthe world’s population
• French- first “global” colonial empire from 1605-1803,established American colonies, India, and the Caribbean Islands
• Dutch Empire- replaced the Portuguese for control over Indian Oceantrade

• Revolution and Independence Movements

• Britain and 13 colonies (1776)
• French and Hatian Colonies (1791-1804)
• Spain and Latin America (1808-1833)
• Portugal and Brazil (1822)

• New Imperialism (1875-1914)

• Countries wanted more land

• Germany, US, belgium, Italy, and Japan

• Berlin Conference (1884-1885)

• Split up africa (superimposed boundary)

• Germany emerges as a world power

• World War I (1914-1918)

• “The war to end all wars”
• The colonial map was redrawn following the defeat of the GermanEmpire and the Ottoman empire after WWI

• World War II (1939-1945)

• Ended Europe’s imperial project and opened up the door toAmerica as a global power, created the third world and set the stage for the emergence of the Aisnamainland as a significant global player

• Cold War (1945-1991)

• The USSR and USA battle over world domination
• USSR a fan of decolonization movements and communist parties
• Second decolonization: 1945- 1999

• Devolution today

• Transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, especially bycentral government to local or regional administration

• Territorial dispute- when two statesdispute over a territory

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_territorial_disputes - list of territorial disputes

• Autonomous region- an area of a countrythat has a degree of autonomy, or has freedom from an external authority

• Ex. Tibet, Greenland

• Semi-Autonomous region- a region havinga degree of, but not complete, self-government

• Ex. Puerto Rico