Botany Study Guide

Justin Huang

Kingdom Fungi

1. Fungi obtain energy from absorbing food through theirhyphae, while plants are photosynthetic
2. Definitions

1. Mycelium: an underground, tangled network of hyphae
2. Hyphae: long strands that makeup the body of multicellular fungi
3. Mycorrhizae: a mutualisticassociation between plant roots, the soil, and fungi

3. The cell walls of fungi are made outof chitin
4. Yeasts are the onlysingle-cellular fungi; all others are multicellular

Plant Diversity

1. What is a plant? That’s a great question, if you don’tknow then the test tomorrow’s gonna be tough :)

1. Jokes aside, a plant is any organism in kingdom plantae(wow), often characterized by gaining energy throughphotosynthesis

2. Plants need air, sunlight, water, nutrition, space,and optimal temperatures
3. Three important features used by botanists forclassification:

1. Do they have vascular tissue?
2. Do they have seeds or spores?
3. Do they produce fruits and/or flowers?

4. Bryophytes are small plantsthat depend on osmosis for water; they don’t have any vascular tissues
5. Three groups of bryophytes: mosses,liverworts, hornworts
6. Seedless Vascular Plants: are plantsthat have xylem and phloem

1. Three groups: ferns, club mosses, and horsetails

7. Gymnosperms are cone-bearingseed plants (Gymno = naked, sperm = seed, so gymnosperm = “nakedseed”)

1. Examples: conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, gnetophytes

8. Angiosperms are floweringplants :)

1. Examples: legit every fruit tree you can think of, any plants thathave flowers (roses, apple trees, orchids etc.)

9. Comparing and contrasting monocots and dicots

*Cotyledon = seed leaves

11. Annuals: bloom once ayear and then die
    Biennials: bloom fortwo years and then die
    Perennials: come back every year

Roots, Stems, and Leaves

1. Principal organs of seed plants: Roots, Stems,Leaves
2. Main 3 tissue systems: Dermal, Vascular,Ground
3. Xylem: bring water upfrom the ground
4. Phloem: bringphotosynthesized food down (sugars)
5. Meristematic tissues: undifferentiated cells produced at the tips of roots andstems

1. Function: responsible for the continued growth of aplant throughout its lifetime

6. Two types of roots:

1. Fibrous roots: found in monocots, looks like hair
2. Taproot: found in dicots, like carrot

7. Function of roots: keep plantsrooted (pun intended) in the soil, absorbwater and nutrients, store food, protect from parasitic bacteria andfungi
8. Function of stems: provide support system, carriesand transport nutrients, serves a defensive role
9. Differences in the stem:

1. Monocot: vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem (see chart above lol)
2. Dicot: vascular bundles are arranged in a ring on the outside of the stem

10. Function of leaves: main photosynthetic system, big leaves = more light
11. Know this:

12. Guard cells regulate the opening and closing ofthe stomata, and guard cells are opened and closed by the amount of waterthat they have in them

Reproduction with Cones and Flowers

1. Know this:

2. Pollination: when pollen is transferred from theanther to the female stigma
3. Fertilization: the process of plant reproduction thathappens after pollination. Male gametes(pollen) are united with female gametes(ovary) and form a diploid zygote
4. “a fruit arises from a series of transformations that occur during thedevelopment of the fertilized carpel, resulting in the ovary of the flower maturing and ripening”(from https://kids.frontiersin.org/)

1. Sidenote: I’m not sure if we learned about this but weprobably just touched on it briefly

5. Seeds can be dispersed by wind, water, andanimals
6. Types of artificial vegetative reproduction:

1. Cutting: cutting of a stem orleaf and plant and planting it into the ground,used to propagate houseplants
2. Grafting + Budding: involves binding together cut surfaces of two plants so they grow as one; used tocombine good qualities of both plants
3. Other types include layering, suckering, and tissue culturing

1. Sidenote: Doubt she’ll test these since we didn’t talkabout them

7. Plant propagation can be used to combine goodqualities of two plants into one

1. Ex. can prevent viruses if one has immunity

Plant Responses and Adaptations

1. Plant hormones are organic chemicals that regulateplant growth and development
2. Different hormones:

1. Auxins: hormones produced in the apical meristem andare transported downward into the rest of the plant. They stimulate theelongation of cells
2. Cytokinins: hormones that stimulate the growth of lateral buds, they can cause dormant seeds tosprout, and they delay the aging of leaves

1. Sidenote: potential fashion product..?

3. Gibberellins: hormones produced that increase the overall size of key plant structures, such as the stemsand fruits
4. Ethylene: can stimulate the ripening of fruits, released by fruit tissues

3. Plant tropisms:

1. Gravitropism: movement towards gravity

1. Used by plants to know which way is down so they can startgermination the right direction

2. Thigmotropism: movement towards touch

1. Pea plants and vines can spiral around other plants, trees, fences,and buildings using thigmotropism

3. Phototropism: movement towards light

1. Auxins help plants face the light more

4. Hydrotropism: movement towards water

1. Sidenote: we didn’t learn this i think
2. Growth in response to water concentrations

4. How do plants protect themselves from the winter?

1. Turn off photosynthetic pathways
2. Transports all materials from leaves to roots
3. Seals off the leaves to make sure heat doesnot escape

5. Desert plant adaptations:

1. Extensive roots
2. Reduced leaves
3. Thick stems
4. Bonus: desert plants are called xerophytes

6. Other nutrient sources:

1. Venus flytrap: can gain nitrogen from the insects it consumes
2. Parasitic plants can gain nutrients from the host plant

7. Epiphyte: a plant that is not rooted in thesoil but grows on other plants

1. Examples: spanish moss, bromeliads, many types of orchids
   

Lichen = algae + fungus (symbiotic partnership)

Good luck everyone!