Classification, Bacteria & Virus Study Guide

Justin Huang, David Uchime

  1. The two taxonomic categories that are used in binomialnomenclature are genus and species, both of which are italicized. Genus is alwayscapitalized and is first while species is not capitalized, is in italics, and isalways second.
  2. The seven taxonomic categories are, in decreasing order:
  1. Kingdom
  2. Phylum
  3. Class
  4. Order
  5. Family
  6. Genus
  7. Species

A good mnemonic: “King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti”

  1. There are three domains:Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
  2. There are six kingdoms. Theyare, in no particular order:
  1. Archaebacteria
  2. Eubacteria
  3. Protista
  4. Animalia
  5. Plantae
  6. Fungi
  1. Plants, like sunflowers and venus fly traps, havecell walls made of cellulose.
  2. Fungi, like mushrooms and yeast, have cell walls made of chitin.
  3. Bacteria, like E. coli or salmonella, have cell walls made of peptidoglycan.
  4. Unicellular means made of onecell.
  1. Kingdoms with unicellular organisms:
  1. Eubacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Fungi
  4. Protista
  1. Additionally, kingdoms Eubacteria andArchaea ONLY have unicellularorganisms
  1. Multicellular means made of multiple cells.
  1. Kingdoms with multicellular organisms:
  1. Animalia
  2. Plantae
  3. Fungi
  4. Protista
  1. Additionally, kingdoms Animalia andPlantae ONLY have multicellularorganisms
  1. Kingdoms with both multicellular and unicellular organisms:
  1. Protista
  2. Fungi
  1. Colonial means that organismsthat collaborate with each other. Kingdoms with colonialspecies:
  1. Animalia
  2. Plantae
  3. Eubacteria
  4. Protista
  5. Fungi
  1. A prokaryote is an organism thatdoes not have a nucleus. Kingdoms with prokaryotes:
  1. Eubacteria
  2. Archaebacteria
  1. A eukaryote is an organism with cell(s)that contain nuclei. Kingdoms witheukaryotes:
  1. Protista
  2. Fungi
  3. Animalia
  4. Plantae
  1. Lions, Bears, andTigers are members of kingdom Animalia.
  2. Methanogens and other primitivebacteria that live in extremeenvironments are members of kingdom Archaebacteria
  3. The amoeba,euglena, and paramecium all belongto the kingdom Protista.
  4. Protist Phylums
  1. Sarcodines
  1. An example of a sarcodine is an amoeba,
  2. Amoebas cause disease inhumans and they kill off harmful bacteria in thesoil.
  1. Sporozoans
  1. An example of a sporozoan is a plasmoid
  2. Plasmoid is the parasite that causes malaria
  1. Zooflagellates
  1. An example of a zooflagellate is trichomonas
  2. causes trichomoniasis in frogs and humans
  1. Dinoflagellates
  1. An example of a dinoflagellate is gonyaulax
  2. causes red tide
  1. Red tide is toxic to most wildlife.
  1. Fungus like
  1. Example of fungus-like protist: slime mold
  2. They help to decompose deadvegetation and control fungal growth.
  1. Prokaryotes are classified bythe way they use oxygen.
  2. Chemoautotrophs use chemicals to make their food while photoautotrophs use sunlight to produce theirfood.
  3. Types of Prokaryotes
  1. Obligate anaerobes
  1. Must live in oxygen-free environments
  1. Obligate aerobes
  1. Must live in environments that have oxygen
  1. Facultative anaerobes
  1. Can survive whether or not oxygen is present.
  1. The structure of a bacterium:

Visit https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/biology/cells/prokaryotic-cells for an amazing 3D model

  1. Bacterium shape and arrangement:
  1. Shapes
  1. Rod-shaped - called bacilli
  2. Spherical shaped - called cocci
  3. Spiral shaped - called spirilla
  1. Arrangement
  1. Arranged in pairs - calleddiplo-
  2. Arranged in chains - calledstrepto-
  3. Arranged in groups - calledstaphylo-
  1. Gram staining is used to distinguish two different types of bacteria by differentiating cell wall contents
  1. Gram-positive stains purple
  2. Gram-negative stains pink
  1. Antibiotics work by stoppingthe growth of cell walls, which leads to either slow bacterialgrowth or the death of the bacteria
  2. Bacteria reproduce through the process ofbinary fission
  3. A pathogen is a bacteria capable of causing diseases
  4. Some examples of bacterial diseases:
  1. Tuberculosis
  2. Pneumonia
  3. Cholera
  4. Tetanus
  5. Lyme disease
  1. Three methods of controlling bacterialgrowth:
  1. Take antibiotics only if necessary,prevents the possibility of antibiotic resistance
  2. Take the whole prescription ofantibiotics if given, it completely eradicates all pathogenicbacteria (there might still be some bacteria left even if you don’tfeel sick)
  3. Use antibiotics correctly
  1. An endospore is a tough cell wall that is created when a bacteria wants to go dormant.
  1. They can last for hundreds of years
  1. The role of bacteria in the environment
  1. They are used to make many common foods
  1. Bread
  2. Yogurt
  1. They can help cycle carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, andphosphorus
  2. They can help break down many natural substances
  1. Bacteria help humans by being an essential part of manycommon foods
  1. Mentioned above

  1. Image of virus

Image of Bacteriophage

  1. A vaccine is a “biological preparation” that gives your immune system immunity from a certain virus
  1. It works by giving your body a weakenedvirus, which trains your immune system to fightagainst it. When a real virus comes into your body, your immune system alreadyknows how to fight against it.
  1. Examples of viral diseases
  1. Measles
  2. Smallpox
  3. Chickenpox
  4. Shingles
  5. SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19)
  1. Steps of the Lytic Cycle
  1. The virus injects DNA into the host cell
  2. DNA instructs host cell to assemble virus parts
  3. Viral enzymes lyse host and newlyformed viruses infect other cells
  1. Steps of the Lysogenic Cycle
  1. Viral DNA injects into the host cell
  2. Viral DNA integrates into hostcell DNA
  3. The cell cycle continues, DNA is replicated in theprocess of cell replication
  1. The newly formed cells still contain the viral DNA (prophage)
  1. The viral DNA waits and separates from the host DNA and enters the lytic cycle
  1. A prophage (provirus) is a bacteriophage genome that is integrated into thehost DNA
  1. They remain dormant until a chance tostrike occurs, then they become active
  1. A bacteriophage is a virus that infectseubacteria and archaebacteria cells.
  2. A retrovirus is a virus that uses RNA as genetic information.
  1. When they infect cells, they inject a molecule of the enzyme calledreverse transcriptase
  1. This copies viral RNA into DNA
  2. An example of a retrovirus is HIV (AIDS)
  1. Prions are neither viruses,protists, nor bacteria
  1. They are proteins that are folded irregularly that can cause otherproteins to change their shape
  1. They can cause some of the worst diseases, such as MadCow disease
  2. There is no cure to prions

Questions to test your understanding (all created by us)

  1. Identify the correct form of binomial nomenclature
  1. Homo sapiens
  2. homo sapiens
  3. Homo sapiens
  4. Homo Sapiens
  5. Homo Sapiens
  1. Which of the following orders is the correct order of classification, frommost inclusive to least inclusive?
  1. Phylum, Kingdom, Class, Order, Genus, Family, Species
  2. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Species, Genus, Family 1
  3. Class, Kingdom, Phylum, Order, Family, Genus, Species
  4. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
  5. Kingdom, Class, Phylum, Family, Order, Genus, Species
  1. All of the following are domains except
  1. Bacteria.
  2. Archaea.
  3. Protists.
  4. Eukarya.
  5. None of the above
  1. Which Eukaryotic kingdom contains unicellularorganisms?
  1. Fungi
  2. Plantae
  3. Archaea
  4. Animalia
  5. None of the above
  1. Which answer choice matches the correct cell wall content with itsrespective kingdom?
  1. Eubacteria - cellulose
  2. Fungi - peptidoglycan
  3. Fungi - cellulose
  4. Eubacteria - peptidoglycan
  5. Eubacteria - chitin
  1. A key difference between the kingdom Protista and the three kingdomsof Animalia, Plantae, Fungi is that the other kingdoms
  1. are mostly prokaryotic
  2. are mostly multicellular
  3. are mostly eukaryotic
  4. are mostly unicellular
  5. are more inclusive in species classification
  1. Which two kingdoms only have unicellular organisms?
  1. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
  2. Animalia and Plantae
  3. Protista and Plantae
  4. Fungi and Protista
  5. None of the above
  1. What kingdom are Methanogens and bacteria that live in extremeenvironments part of?
  1. All Eubacteria
  2. All Archaebacteria
  3. There are roughly the same amount of archaebacteria andeubacteria
  4. There are more in archaebacteria, but there are some ineubacteria
  5. There are some in eubacteria, but there are some inarchaebacteria
  1. The amoeba is in the kingdom _______ and the phylum _______.
  1. Protista, zooflagellates
  2. Protista, dinoflagellates
  3. Protista, sarcodines
  4. bacteria, deinococcus
  5. bacteria, chlorobia
  1. How do antibiotics work?
  1. They break down the nucleoid of the bacteria, making it unable toreproduce
  2. They stop all ribosomal processes, rendering the bacteria unable toproduce proteins
  3. They poison the cytoplasm of the bacteria, stopping all otherorganelles from working
  4. They stop the growth of the cell wall, which can slow the growth ofthe cell
  5. They block up key transport features in the bacteria
  1. How long can endospores last?
  1. a few days
  2. 5-10 weeks
  3. 3-6 months
  4. up to fifty years
  5. 100+ years
  1. Covid-19 is an example of a viral disease.
  1. True
  2. False
  1. Which of the following is a way that the lytic cycle is differentfrom the lysogenic cycle?
  1. Only lysogenic viruses affect bacteria
  2. Only lytic viruses affect bacteria
  3. A lytic virus uses RNA as genetic material
  4. The virus integrates its genetic material in the genetic material ofthe host cell in the lytic cycle
  5. A lysogenic virus can last in the host cell for a longer period oftime
  1. What is the genetic material for retroviruses?
  1. RNA
  2. mRNA
  3. DNA
  4. tRNA
  5. PNA
  1. Identify the following bacteria

  1. Chlamydiae
  2. Bacteriodota
  3. Chloroflexota
  4. Spirochaetes
  5. Diplobacillus
  1. Examine the following statements

  1. The kingdom Protista has eukaryotes
  2. The kingdom Animalia has prokaryotes
  3. The kingdom Plantae does not have prokaryotes

Which of the statements are true concerning the kingdoms and their organisms?

  1. I only
  2. III only
  3. I and II
  4. I and III
  5. II and III

Answers with explanations are found on the next page

Answers to the knowledge check questions

  1. The correct answer is C. In binomialnomenclature, both words, the genus and the species, are italicized. The first word (genus) iscapitalized, while the second word (species) is not. Refer to part 1 on thestudy guide for a review.

  1. The correct answer is D. The mnemonic forremembering this is “King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti”. Refer to part 2 on the study guide for a review.

  1. The correct answer is C. The threekingdoms in biology are the Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Refer to part 3 onthe study guide for a review.

  1. The correct answer is A. Although thereare organisms in Archaea that are unicellular, Archaea is not in the Eukaryotic kingdom. The otheranswer choices (other than A) do not have organisms that are unicellular. Fungi, however, do haveunicellular organisms, and are part of the eukaryotic kingdom. Refer to part8(b) on the study guide for a review.

  1. The correct answer is D. Bacterial cellwalls are made out of peptidoglycan. Refer to parts 5-7 on the study guide for areview.

  1. The correct answer is B. Although thekingdom of Protista has some multicellular organisms, protists are predominantly unicellular. Thekingdoms of Animalia, Plantae, and Fungi are not prokaryotic, they are also not more inclusive inspecies classification. Although the other kingdoms are eukaryotic, kingdom Protista also falls underthe eukaryotic category. Refer to part 9-10 on the study guide for areview.

  1. The correct answer is A. The two kingdomsof eubacteria and Archaebacteria are only unicellular. Refer to part 8 on thestudy guide for a review.

  1. The correct answer is B. Archaebacteriaare the bacteria that live in extreme conditions and environments. Refer to part15 on the study guide for a review.

  1. The correct answer is C. The amoeba is anexample of a sarcodine, and amoebas can cause a multitude of diseases in humans. Refer to part 17 on the study guide for a review.

  1. The correct answer is D. Antibiotics workby first stopping the growth of cell walls. Cells then cannot grow anymore, which slows the growth ofthe bacteria. Sometimes, this can lead to the death of the bacteria. Refer topart 24 on the study guide for a review.

  1. The correct answer is E. Endospores arethe hard shell that can form around a bacteria during dormancy. Although 100 years is a long time forendospores to last, some scientists have discovered endospores that have existed for over 10,000 years.Refer to part 29 on the study guide for a review.

  1. The correct answer is A. Covid-19 is adisease that causes comes in the form of a virus, therefore, a viral disease. Refer to part 34 on the study guide for a review.

  1. The correct answer is E. Lysogenic cellscan remain dormant in host cells even after multiple cell cycles, essentially making copies of the DNAwith the lysogenic cells while it is dormant. The lysogenic cell can choose to come out of dormancy toattack the host cell. Answer choices A and B are incorrect because both lysogenic and lytic viruses can infect viruses.Answer C is incorrect because the genetic material that lyticand lysogenic viruses use are both DNA. Answer choice D isincorrect because the genetic material integration only occurs in the lysogenic cycle, not the lyticcycle. Refer to parts 35 and 36 on the study guide for a review.

  1. The correct answer is A. The geneticmaterial for retroviruses is RNA. mRNA and tRNA are incapable of carrying genetic material, as they arejust helpers, which rules out answers B and D. PNA isn’t even a thing, I made it up. Refer topart 39 on the study guide for a review.

  1. The correct answer is E. The term“Diplo” means pairs, and “bacillus” means that it is rod shaped. The bacteriashown in the picture is in pairs, and also rod shaped, so it is a picture of Diplobacillus. Refer to part 22 on the study guide for a review.

  1. The correct answer is D. The kingdom ofProtista is in the domain of Eukaryotes. The kingdom of Animalia does not have prokaryotes, and thekingdom of Plantae consists of only eukaryotes. Therefore, the statements I and III are correct.Refer to parts 3 and 4 on the study guide for a review.

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